Indices of Personal and Social Costs and Rewards - Subject Release
This measure appears in the following time-points: Release.
Related Construct
Description of Measure
Empirical evidence on deterrence suggests that offending has both personal and social rewards and that punishment associated with this offending has distinct social and personal costs (Williams and Hawkins, 1986; Nagin, 1998). Previous tests with general populations of adolescents (Grasmick et al., 1990) and college students (Nagin and Paternoster, 1991, 1994) show that these costs form essential components of a dynamic model of deterrence that includes both the punishment costs of arrest and the social costs of detection and punishment. As a result, the Indices of Personal and Social Costs and Rewards were adapted for this study to measure the adolescent's perceived likelihood of detection and punishment for any of several types of offenses (Nagin and Paternoster, 1994). This measure is comprised of four dimensions: Certainty of Punishment in the institution - Others and you (e.g., "How likely is it that you/other residents at X would be caught and disciplined for fighting?"); Certainty of Punishment in the subject's neighborhood - Others and you (e.g., "How likely is it that you/other residents would be caught and punished for fighting?"); Costs of Punishment in the institution (e.g., "If the staff here at X were to catch you doing something that breaks the rules, how likely is it that you would be sent to isolation/lock-up?"); Personal Costs of Punishment {Variety, Weight, Material and Freedom (e.g., Did your placement/program keep you from hanging out with friends as much as you used to?")}. The neighborhood of focus for the neighborhood items is the one in which the subject plans to live after their release.
Confirmatory factor analysis was completed for several domains at the baseline and follow-up timepoints. These values can be found in the codebook sections for those timepoints.
The following scores are computed:
- Certainty of punishment in the facility - others [r0punoth_f]; mean of 7 items
- Certainty of punishment in the neighborhood - others [r0punoth_n]; mean of 4 items
- Certainty of punishment in the facility - you [r0punyou_f]; mean of 7 items
- Certainty of punishment in the neighborhood - you [r0punyou_n]; mean of 4 items
- Costs of punishment in the facility [r0faccost]; mean of 7 items
- Punishment costs - variety [r0varcst]; count of 18 items
- Punishment costs - material issues [r0matcst]; sum of 13 items
- Punishment costs - freedom issues [r0frecst]; sum of 5 items
- Punishment costs - weight [r0wgtcst]; mean of 18 items
One of the subscales in this measure ("costs of punishment variety score") was used in the development of the eight dimensions of organizational functioning. A full description of the dimensions can be found in the "Dimensions of Organizational Functioning" codebook section.
Data Issues
- Beginning with version 01.19, items r0pcpun17a and r0pcpun17b (which concern drinking or getting high in the institution) were skipped if the interview was conducted in a federal facility. Item r0pcpun17a is used in the computation of both the variety (r0varcst) and freedom (r0frecst) scores, while r0pcpun17b is used in the computation of the weight (r0wgtcst) score.
- If the subject does not know where they will live after their release, all neighborhood items will be skipped, and both neighborhood computed scores (r0punoth_n and r0punyou_n) will be missing. This is established in R0KnoWhr ("Do you know where you are going to be living when you leave?"). Refer to the "Perceptions of Chances for Success" codebook for a full description of this variable.
- A programming error caused two of the neighborhood items to be repeated in version 01.04 of the interview. All cases completed with version 01.04 (N = 6) will be missing a score for both neighborhood items (r0punoth_n and r0punyou_n). This was corrected as of version 01.05.
References
- Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. (1994). Personal Capital and Social Control: The Deterrence Implications of Individual Differences in Criminal Offending. Criminology 32:581--606.
- Nagin, D. S. and Paternoster, R. (1993). Enduring individual differences and rational choice theories of crime. Law and Society Review, 27, 467-469.
- Piquero, A. R. and Tibbetts, S G. (1996). Specifying the direct and indirect effects of low self-control and situational factors in offenders' decision making: toward a more complex model of rational offending. Justice Quarterly, 13, 481-510.
- Developed by the working group for this study, primarily by J. Fagan.