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Indices of Personal and Social Costs and Rewards - Subject Follow-up

This measure appears in the following time-points: Follow06, Follow12, Follow18, Follow24, Follow30, Follow36, Follow48, Follow60, Follow72, Follow84.

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Related Construct

Description of Measure

Empirical evidence on deterrence suggests that offending has both personal and social rewards and that punishment associated with this offending has distinct social and personal costs (Williams and Hawkins, 1986; Nagin, 1998). Previous tests with general populations of adolescents (Grasmick et al., 1990) and college students (Nagin and Paternoster, 1991, 1994) show that these costs form essential components of a dynamic model of deterrence that includes both the punishment costs of arrest and the social costs of detection and punishment. As a result, the Indices of Personal and Social Costs and Rewards were adapted for this study to measure the adolescent's perceived likelihood of detection and punishment for any of several types of offenses (Nagin and Paternoster, 1994). This measure is comprised of five dimensions: Certainty of Punishment {Others & You (e.g., "How likely is it that kids in your neighborhood would be caught and arrested for fighting?")}, Social Costs of Punishment (e.g., "If the police catch me doing something that breaks the law, how likely is it that I would be suspended from school?"), Personal Costs of Punishment {Variety & Weight (e.g., "Has your court sentence kept you from hanging out with your friends as much as you used to?")], Social Rewards of Crime [Stealing, Fighting & Robbery (e.g., "If I take things, other people my age will respect me more.")}, and Personal Rewards of Crime (e.g., "How much 'thrill' or 'rush' is it to break into a store or home?").

Confirmatory factor analysis was completed for several of the domains mentioned below at the baseline time point.

For the remaining scales, the reliability coefficient is as follows:

The domains in this measure were found to have good internal consistency at the follow-up time points as well. The alphas for each domain are listed below for 6 through 24 months.

Ten scores that correspond to each of the domains in the measure are computed:

Data Issues

References