Parental Warmth and Hostility - Subject Follow-up

This measure appears in the following time-points: Follow06, Follow12, Follow18, Follow24, Follow30, Follow36, Follow48, Follow60, Follow72, Follow84.

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Related Construct

Family Relationships

Description of Measure

The Quality of Parental Relationships Inventory (Conger, Ge, Elder, Lorenz, & Simons, 1994) was adapted for this study to assess the affective tone of the parental-adolescent relationship. Items from the measure tap parental warmth - mother (e.g., "How often does your mother let you know she really cares about you?"), parental hostility - mother (e.g., "How often does your mother get angry at you?"), parental warmth - father (e.g., "How often does your father tell you he loves you?"), and parental hostility - father (e.g., "How often does your father throw things at you?"). The scale contains 42 items (21 to assess the maternal relationship and 21 to assess the paternal relationship) to which participants respond on a 4- point Likert scale ranging from "Always" to "Never". Items were reversed coded to generate the composite scores. Higher scores on the warmth scale indicate a more supportive and nurturing parental relationship. Higher scores on the hostility scale indicate a more hostile relationship.

Confirmatory factor analysis was performed at the baseline time-point for the overall scale and for each subscale noted below. The values found in this analysis are as follows:

A four factor model was fit to the overall scale - NFI: .78; NNFI: .82; CFI: .83; RMSEA: .06
Parent Hostility - Mother (alpha: .85; NFI: .73; NNFI: .69; CFI: .74; RMSEA: .09)
Parent Hostility - Father (alpha: .88; NFI: .69; NNFI: .65; CFI: .71; RMSEA: .099)
Parent Warmth - Mother (alpha: .92; NFI: .95; NNFI: .94; CFI: .95; RMSEA: .08)
Parent Warmth - Father (alpha: .95; NFI: .96; NNFI: .95; CFI: .96; RMSEA: .11)

These results indicate that the scales for Warmth - Mother and for Warmth - Father have reasonably acceptable fit to the data. The scales for Hostility - Mother and Hostility - Father, however, should be used with much more caution.

The four subscales were found to have similar internal consistency at the follow-up time points. The alphas for each scale at 6 through 24 months is as follows:

Parent Hostility - Monther: 6 month - .80; 12 month - .82; 18 month - .79; 24 month - .82
Parent Hostility - Father: 6 month - .83; 12 month - .82; 18 motnh - .81; 24 month - .78
Parent Warmth - Mother: 6 month - .93; 12 month - .92; 18 month - .93; 24 month - .93
Parent Warmth - Father: 6 month - .95; 12 month - .95; 18 month - .96; 24 month - .95

Four composite scores are generated:

Parent Warmth - Mother [S#MAWARM]; mean of 9 items, 7 must contain valid data
Parent Hostility - Mother [S#MAHOTL]; mean of 12 items, 9 must contain valid data
Parent Warmth - Father [S#PAWARM]; mean of 9 items, 7 must contain valid data
Parent Hostility- Father [S#PAHOTL]; mean of 12 items, 9 must contain valid data

The following individual items are also available:

How often did your primary female caregiver visit you in person in the recall period [S#RQualParents_MQua_Pvis1]
Had often did you talk to your primary female caregiver by phone in the recall period [S#RQualParents_MQua_Pvis2]
Have any contact with your primary female caregiver in the recall period [S#RQualParents_MQua_Pctct]
How often did your primary male caregiver visit you in person in the recall period [S#RQualParents_FQua_Pvis1]
How often did you talk to your primary male caregiver by phone in the recall period [S#RQualParents_FQua_Pvis2]
Have any contact with your primary male caregiver in the recall period [S#RQualParents_FQua_Pctct]
How often parents help with living expenses in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH01]
How often parents loan you money in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH02]
How often parents provide child care/babysitting in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH03]
How often parents help with transportation in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH04]
How often parents help with shopping/laundry/cleaning in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH05]
How often parents help you find a job in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH06]
How often parents help you with school/college in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH07]
How often parents help you to get government assistance/welfare in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH08]
How often parents help you with your court cases in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH09]
How often parents help you get medical care in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH10]
How often you help parents with living expenses in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH11]
How often you loan money to parents in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH12]
How often you provide parents with childcare/babysitting in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH13]
How often you help parents with transportation in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH14]
How often you help parents fix/repair things that are broken in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH15]
How often you help parents with shopping/laundry/cleaning in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH16]
How often you help parents to get government assistance/welfare in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH17]
How often you help parents get medical care in recall period [S#ParentHelp_PH18]

Data Issues

The parent of focus in this measure can be any adult responsible for raising the subject. This is not limited to the biological mother and father.
Variables MQua_Pctct and FQua_Pctct (Have you had any contact with your mother/father over the recall period) were added to the interview in version 01.14. These variables are available at all follow-up timepoints.
Up through and including interview version 01.12, this measure was only received if, during the recall period, the subject lived with an adult who was responsible for raising them (established in variables MQua_pqualX and FQua_pqualx - relationship of mother/father figure responsible for you. Choosing NA here will skip the measure).
Beginning with interview version 01.16, this measure is skipped if the subject was age 20 or older. The first interview with the new logic was completed in the follow24 timepoint.
Beginning with interview version 01.14, additional logic was added to this measure.

If the subject spent the entire recall period in a facility, and had contact with their caregiver (either via phone or in person) at least once a month (established in variables Pvis1 and Pvis2), then they received this measure.
If the subject spent some time in the community, and had any kind of contact with their caregiver (duration not specified - this is established in the binary variable Pctct), then they received this measure.
("In a facility for the whole recall period" is automatically determined by programming code by looking at the location types listed in the living calendar. "Locked up" is defined as being in locations of types 6 (secure facility), 8 (RTC), 9 (medical hospital), and 10 (psychiatric hospital) for all months of the recall period.)

Items measuring instrumental assistance from parents were added to the interview in version 01.16.

Interviews completed early into the release of version 01.16 received these items only if the subject was age 18 or older at the time of the interview.
Interviews completed later into the release of version 01.17, and all subsequent interview versions received these items if the subject was age 20 or older at the time of the interview.

Some cases are missing data for this measure as a result of a bug in the programming code. Cases with this issue are noted with a missing value code of -700.

References

Conger, R., Ge, X., Elder, G., Jr. Lorenz, F., and Simons, R. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541-561.
Furstenberg, F.F. (2000) Selected items from ongoing research from the MacArthur Network on Transition to Adulthood.